2005
January 2. The joint US/Russian/Japanese Mars mission Utopia is launched and successfully lands 20 months later in Utopia Planetia. The mission establishes a reusable facility that will later be used to launch successful deep solar system probes, including Col. Shaun G. Christopher's Saturn mission. Utopia Planetia would later become one of Starfleet's most important research, development and construction facilities; particularly, they designed and built the Galaxy-class of starships there.
Conjecture. I am basing this on NASA/JPL's projections of their "Mars Millennium" plan and the launch of Voyager 6 and Nomad (1999 and 2002 respectively). NASA/JPL hopes to mount their manned mission to Mars in 2009/2010; however, Shaun Christopher makes his Saturn flight in 2009, so establishing Utopia Planetia this early also establishes the relationship between Mars and the Federation.
2010
Dr. Ikas DaKar was born on Trill. She is the third host.
Date is conjecture.
2018
Advances in sublight propulsion technologies (by Yoyodyne and others) make "sleeper ships" obsolete.
"Space Seed." Marla McGivers says that sleeper ships were necessary prior to this date. She was apparently not referring to the invention of warp drive since this is before Zefram Cochrane's birth.
2022
Mars Colony founded in Amazonis Planetia at the base of Olympus Mons. The colony is named Helium (after the capital of Mars in E.R. Burroughs’ John Carter books) and would one day become one of the most important cities in the solar system and in the future United Federation of Planets. One of the founding colonists is Auguste Picard.
Martian History. Date is conjectural. Helium is the capital city of Mars and this is where most of the Enfield clan will be born.
"Star Trek: Generations." Captain Picard mentions that his family helped found the Martian Colonies.
2025
After more than a century of struggle against the British Empire, Ireland finally achieved reunification. Speaking about the Ansata separatists of planet Rutia IV, Data cites this event as an example of how terrorist activity can sometimes result in political change.
"The High Ground." Data mentioned the date to Picard.
Biography of Aristotle G. Enfield. Jennifer Enfield (Aristotle G. Enfield’s mother) will be born in 2196 in Dublin, Ireland.
2036
The DY-300 UNSS Icarus, the second spacecraft to explore beyond the solar system, is launched from Titan Base. Geoffrey Kinnison Christopher, the son of Shaun Christopher, commands it. Fifteen years later, the interval that the Icarus takes to get to the Alpha Centauri star group, Christopher will be the first man to set foot on Alpha Centauri B-IV, which will be named Kent in honor of the star's other traditional name (Rigel Kentaurus). For reasons of his own, Christopher names the other five planets in Centauri B's system Olsen, Perry, Lang, Morgan and Luther.
Date is conjecture, based on the launch date of the Charybdis (2039) mentioned in "The Royale" [TNG] as the third extrasolar expedition. No, I did not come up with all the names of the planets, just the last two; A.C. Crispin named the first three (and Kent) in her novel Time for Yesterday. It's her fault.
2064
The first true starship, the Bonaventure, is built. This is the first ship made especially for FTL travel. Several ships, including the Valiant, are designed along the same lines, making them Bonaventure-class ships.
Based on the date given in Star Trek: First Contact and projecting forward a year. The name Bonaventure is taken from "Time Trap" [TAS} although that may have been a later ship of the same name that we saw. Given the probable date of the Valiant's exploration of the galaxy's edge ("Where No Man Has Gone Before" [TOS]), having these two ships be of the same class makes sense.
2065
July 4. After over four decades of intolerable rule by the New United Nations, the Martian Colonies declare themselves to be free and independent states. A Martian government is formed and Helium is declared the capital. The Fundamental Declaration of the Martian Colonies would be considered one of the most important treatises in human, if not galactic, history.
"Court Martial." [TOS] Samuel T. Cogley uses the Fundamental Declaration as part of his defense of James Kirk, citing it, along with the Bible, the Code of Hammurabi, the Constitution of the United States and the Tribunals of Alpha III as a historic milestone in the development of legal systems that protect individual rights.
Martian History. I feel that in the aftermath of the nuclear war (mentioned in TNG, DS9, and "First Contact") control of the Martian Colonies would have been remanded to the colonial governors and local security forces. With little or no support from Earth, it would have been easier for the colonists to uprise and take over. Date is conjectural.
2072
Humankind meets its first deadly spacefaring enemy, the Kzinti. After a series of interstellar skirmishes, the bloodthirsty felinoid race eventually succumbs to the technological superiority of the Earth forces, with some support from their newfound allies, the Vulcans. They are forced to retreat to their own space, which is rapidly surrounded by colonies of both Earth and Vulcan. For the next two centuries, the Kzinti are regarded as a belligerent but minor race.
Date is conjecture, based on Sulu’s observation that the Kzinti fought the last of their wars with mankind "two hundred years ago." We can be fairly certain that although the Vulcans did not take an active role in the fighting, they probably lent equipment such as shields and sensors to the United Earth Space Probe Agency (UESPA).